Explain Why Soaps Produce a Scum When Used in Hard

question 7

Essay

Explain why soaps produce a scum when used in hard water (water containing divalent ions such as magnesium and calcium).

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Definitions:

Subalternates

In the traditional square of opposition, the relationship between a universal and a particular proposition of the same quality (A and I, E and O): if the universal is true, the particular must be true, and if the particular is false, the universal must be false.

Universal

Pertaining to a statement or concept that applies to all cases or instances without exception.

Particular

In logic, a particular statement is one that claims the existence of at least one instance of something, often contrasted with universal statements that claim something about all instances.

Contrary Propositions

In logic, contrary propositions are pairs of statements that cannot both be true at the same time, but can both be false.