Due to the Fact That Firms Concern Themselves Primarily with Earning

question 1

Essay

Due to the fact that firms concern themselves primarily with earning profits,a common complaint is that they often damage the environment in the process.More recently,markets have been set up so that firms can actually reduce their costs and profit more by damaging the environment less and selling their "right to pollute" to other companies.Discuss how this serves as a positive incentive for a firm to act in an environmentally responsible manner.What would be a way to discourage firms from polluting through the use of negative incentives?

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Definitions:

Plowback

The reinvestment of earnings by a company back into its business, often for expansion or development; also known as retained earnings.

PEG Ratio

A stock's price-to-earnings ratio divided by the growth rate of its earnings, used to determine the relative trade-off between the price of a stock, the earnings generated per share, and the company's expected growth.

ROE

Return on Equity, a measure of financial performance calculated by dividing net income by shareholder equity, indicating how effectively management is using a company’s assets to create profits.

Earnings Retention Ratio

The earnings retention ratio, also known as the plowback ratio, measures the percentage of net income that is retained in the company rather than being paid out as dividends.