What Is the Null Hypothesis When Performing an F-Test to Test

question 5

Multiple Choice

What is the null hypothesis when performing an F-test to test the strength of an instrument?

• A)the instrument is weak,with no \(\theta\) different from 0.
• B)it is a strong instrument with all \(\theta\)significantly different from 0.
• C)the instrument is sufficiently strong with at least 1 \(\theta\)significantly different from 0.
• D)the instrument is weak with all \(\theta\)different from 0.

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Definitions:

Speciation Event

The process by which new genetically distinct species evolve from a single ancestral species.

Gene Duplication

A process in which a chromosome segment is copied resulting in multiple copies of the same gene in the genome, often leading to new genetic functions.

Paralogs

Genes that have evolved within the same species due to gene duplication and then diverged in function.

Evo-devo

A branch of biology that studies the evolutionary development processes of organisms, focusing on how genetic changes during development influence evolutionary changes.