Which of the Following Statements About Membrane Potentials in Different

question 15

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about membrane potentials in different types of cardiac cells is TRUE?

• A) Myocardial cells have a resting membrane potential of about -90 mV; pacemaker cells do not have a true resting membrane potential.
• B) Once threshold depolarization is reached in both myocardial and pacemaker cells, the rapid upswing of the action potential is caused by the opening of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels
• C) Voltage-gated transient (T-type) Ca²⁺ channels are present in all of the different types of cells of the heart.
• D) There are no L-type Ca²⁺ channels in cardiac muscle cells.
• E) The upstroke of the action potential is steeper in SA node cells than it is in Purkinje cells.

Recognize how anxiety disorders can result from conditioning processes.

Comprehend various perspectives (bio-psycho-social) on the origins and maintenance of anxiety and related disorders.

Understand the impact of resilience and environmental factors on the development of PTSD.

Explain the role of genetic and neurobiological factors in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

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