Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 104

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions :
Scenario II
The below model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux,J.E.(2000) .Emotion circuits in the brain.Annual Review of Neuroscience,23,155-184.
The psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats.Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock.After a few tone-shock pairings,the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviours such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g. ,an increase in heart rate) .Using this fear-conditioning paradigm,LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response.A particular brain structure (arbitrarily labelled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures B and C.In the fast pathway,information is routed to structure C-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed.If appraised as a threat,structure C activates the fear response.In the slow pathway,information travels to other structures in the brain (labelled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision making.The results of the appraisal by structure B is used by structure C to continue or terminate the fear response.
-(Scenario II) Which definition of a learned fear response is operational?

• A)the A-B-C pathway with the structures correctly identified
• B)ten pairings of the tone and shock,with a 5-milliamp shock occurring 1 second after each tone presentation
• C)an increase in heart rate elicited by the tone alone,as measured by an implantable telemetry device
• D)freezing behaviour that occurs after the shock,as measured by locomotor counts in the pressure-sensitive floor of a testing apparatus

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Definitions:

Overconfidence

The state of being more confident than is warranted by the situation, often leading to taking undue risks.

Validity

The quality of being logically or factually sound; the extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.

Projection

A psychological defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own undesirable feelings, motivations, or characteristics to other people.

Social Group

A collection of individuals who interact with each other, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity or identity.