Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 263

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions :
Scenario II
The below model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux,J.E.(2000) .Emotion circuits in the brain.Annual Review of Neuroscience,23,155-184.
The psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats.Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock.After a few tone-shock pairings,the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviours such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g. ,an increase in heart rate) .Using this fear-conditioning paradigm,LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response.A particular brain structure (arbitrarily labelled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures B and C.In the fast pathway,information is routed to structure C-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed.If appraised as a threat,structure C activates the fear response.In the slow pathway,information travels to other structures in the brain (labelled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision making.The results of the appraisal by structure B is used by structure C to continue or terminate the fear response.
-(Scenario II) In this fear-conditioning paradigm,what constitutes the unconditioned stimulus?

• A)shock
• B)tone
• C)increased heart rate elicited by the tone
• D)freezing behaviour elicited by the shock

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Definitions:

Triggers

Conditions or events that initiate a specific action or process.

Modify or Waive

The act of making changes to the conditions or requirements of an agreement, or choosing not to enforce them.

Immediate Repayment

The requirement to pay back borrowed funds or settle a debt without delay, often immediately after the funds are disbursed.

Financial Reporting Flexibility

The discretion allowed to managers in choosing how to report financial performance and position, within the bounds of accounting standards and principles.