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question 8

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux,J.E.(2000) .Emotion circuits in the brain.Annual Review of Neuroscience,23,155-184.
The psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats.Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock.After a few tone-shock pairings,the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g. ,an increase in heart rate) .Using this fear-conditioning paradigm,LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response.A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures B and C.In the fast pathway,information is routed to structure C-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed.If appraised as a threat,structure C activates the fear response.In the slow pathway,information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision making.The results of the appraisal by structure B is used by structure C to continue or terminate the fear response.
-(Scenario II) Brain structure A corresponds to the:

Definitions:

External Diseconomies

Negative effects experienced by third parties or the general public due to the activities of a business or industry, not reflected in market costs.

Decreasing-Cost Industry

An industry where the cost per unit of output decreases as the scale of production increases is known as a decreasing-cost industry.

Long-Run Equilibrium

A state in which all factors of production and costs are variable, allowing for the adjustment of all inputs, leading to optimal allocation of resources in the market.

Increasing Cost Industry

An industry in which production costs increase as output expands, typically due to factors such as input limitations and increased demand for inputs.