In a Series of Experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995)had

question 91

Multiple Choice

In a series of experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) had both African-American and Anglo-American students at Stanford University take a verbal test.In one condition,the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence,and in the other condition,the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence.In the former condition,African-Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo-Americans because

• A)African-Americans shared the cultural stereotype.
• B)African-Americans were overwhelmed by a fear of success.
• C)Anglo-Americans were determined that African-Americans would not "outscore" them.
• D)African-Americans experienced performance ambivalence.
• E)African-Americans experienced stereotype vulnerability.

---

Definitions:

Environmental Influences

The impacts of external factors from one's surrounding environment, such as society, culture, and physical surroundings, on an individual's behavior, decisions, and well-being.

Epigenetic Mark

Chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Environmental Influence

Factors in an individual's surroundings that impact their development, behavior, and lifestyle.

Dizygotic Development

The biological process that leads to the birth of two fraternal twins from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm.