Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981)study Required Participants to Observe Someone Receiving

question 86

Multiple Choice

Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving supposed electric shocks.Some,but not all,of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented.The results indicated that compared with those students who were not required to make a pained expression,those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they saw the shock being delivered.With which theory are the results of this study consistent?

• A)self-presentation theory
• B)self-consistency theory
• C)cognitive dissonance theory
• D)self-perception theory

---

Definitions:

Male Managers

Individuals who identify as male and hold managerial positions within an organization, overseeing operations and guiding teams.

Choice of Words

The selection of particular words or phrases in communication, significant in conveying the desired message accurately and effectively.

Gender of Applicants

Refers to the male or female identity of individuals applying for positions or roles.

Valuing Diversity

Recognizing and respecting the unique contributions of individuals from various backgrounds and cultures to enhance organizational effectiveness and morale.