Hans and Fred Are Young Men Who Grew Up in Toronto.Hans

question 112

Multiple Choice

Hans and Fred are young men who grew up in Toronto.Hans goes to the University of Toronto to major in biology.Fred,who is two years younger,still lives at home,but hopes to one day major in psychology.Which of the following is presently a superordinate identity for the cousins?

• A) resident of Toronto
• B) university student
• C) psychologist
• D) scientist

---

Definitions:

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Pavlov's Experiments

A series of studies conducted by Ivan Pavlov that demonstrated classical conditioning, where dogs learned to associate a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food), leading to a conditioned response (salivating).

Salivary Conditioning

A form of classical conditioning where an automatic and natural response, like salivation, is trained to respond to a previously neutral stimulus.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

An instinctive, automatic response to a stimulus that takes place without any earlier learned behavior or conditioning.