Which of the Following Is NOT a Source of Confounding

question 12

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a source of confounding variables?

• A) random assignment
• B) selection bias
• C) placebo
• D) experimenter bias

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Definitions:

Median

The middle value in a data set when it is arranged in ascending or descending order, or the average of the two middle numbers if the dataset has an even number of observations.

Sample Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values in a sample population.

Population Standard Deviation

A measure that quantifies the spread or dispersion of a set of data points in a population from its mean value; it represents the square root of the variance of the population.

Mean

The arithmetic average of a set of numbers, calculated by summing them and dividing by the count of numbers.