The Relationship Between Smoking and Lung Cancer Was Noted in Several

question 90

Multiple Choice

The relationship between smoking and lung cancer was noted in several studies years before the Surgeon General of the United States was willing to claim that cigarette smoking did cause lung cancer. What was the primary reason for the reluctance?

• A) Cause-and-effect conclusions should not be made from correlational data.
• B) The samples were not representative of the population.
• C) The study results were contaminated by experimenter effects.
• D) The tobacco industry funded several important studies that found different conclusions.

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Definitions:

Assertiveness

The quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive, allowing for the expression of one's views and needs directly and respectfully.

Cooperativeness

The willingness of an individual or group to work together with others for a common goal or benefit.

Locus of Control

A psychological concept that refers to individuals' beliefs about the extent to which they have control over the events that affect their lives.

Social Settings

The physical and social environments in which people live or in which something happens or develops.