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The supercontinent of Pangaea began to break up during the______ era.
Tumor Necrosis Factor
is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, playing a key role in the immune system by regulating cell death, proliferation, and differentiation.
Antigens
Substances recognized by the immune system, potentially triggering an immune response.
Polysaccharides
Large molecules composed of many sugar units bonded together, functioning as energy stores or structural components in living organisms.
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Immune responses that are specifically tailored to recognize and target particular pathogens or antigens.
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