What Is Implied by Chang's Findings About the Differences in the Conceptualization

question 68

Multiple Choice

What is implied by Chang's findings about the differences in the conceptualization and manifestation of constructs such as problem-solving, optimism, and pessimism?

• A) The concepts are remarkably similar across cultures.
• B) There can be a wide range of results in therapeutic interventions across cultures.
• C) Certain constructs are universal, but only in countries that are not impoverished.
• D) Although the concepts can differ between cultures, the manifestation is often similar.

---

Definitions:

Gender Constancy

The understanding and recognition that one's gender remains the same across time and situations, typically developed in early childhood.

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.

Social Learning

The theory that people learn new behaviors, attitudes, and values through observing the actions and outcomes of others.

Stereotype-Inconsistent

Information or behaviors that do not align with commonly held stereotypes about a particular group or category.