In the Late 1800s, Louis Pasteur Was Searching for a Vaccine

question 18

Multiple Choice

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals recovered well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. What is the rationale for Pasteur's experimental design?

• A) Two cattle represent a test of the veterinarian's hypothesis; two represent a test of Pasteur's hypothesis.
• B) Two cattle represent a test of the treatment; two serve as a control to determine the likelihood of survival without treatment.
• C) Two cattle represent a test based on inductive reasoning; two serve to test deductive reasoning.
• D) The two cattle that are treated are the only test being conducted; the other two cattle serve no purpose beyond representing all the untreated cattle in France.
• E) The two cattle not being treated were just a whim on Pasteur's part.

Describe the process and significance of coevolution in species interactions and its effect on biodiversity and speciation.

Understand the role and mechanisms of mobile genetic elements in genome evolution.

Describe the flow of energy through ecosystems and the roles of different organisms in these processes.

Understand the principles of evolutionary forces such as natural selection and how they affect the fitness of organisms.

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Definitions:

Cognitive Declines

The gradual loss of cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, and executive functions, which can occur as part of the aging process.

MIDUS Study

The Midlife in the United States study, a national longitudinal study of health and well-being that examines the role of behavioral, psychological, and social factors in shaping health across the life course.

Physical Shape

The condition or state of a person's body in terms of fitness, health, and physical appearance.

Emotional Shape

The current state or condition of one's emotional well-being and emotional resilience.