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________ represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made,such as mechanical factors (see Fig.9.6 in the text) .
Process of Entry
refers to the steps or actions that need to be taken for a new competitor to enter into an existing market.
Price
The financial expectation, obligation, or contribution made as payment for something.
Rational Criterion
A principle or standard used in decision-making processes that is based on logic, reason, and the anticipation of outcomes to achieve the most beneficial result.
Fixed Cost
Expenses that do not change with varying levels of production.
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