The Scientific Concept of Causality Is Complex

question 58

Multiple Choice

The scientific concept of causality is complex."Causality" means something very different to the average person on the street than to a scientist.If the ordinary meaning of a statement is "X is the only cause of Y," its related scientific meaning is: ________.

• A)the occurrence of X makes the occurrence of Y
• B)we can never prove that X is a cause of Y.At best,we can infer that X is a cause of Y
• C)X is only one of a number of possible causes of Y
• D)None of the above is correct.

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Definitions:

Ethical Considerations

The moral implications and obligations considered during research or any action.

Incentives

Motivators or rewards, often used in various contexts to encourage behaviors or actions considered desirable.

Institutional Review Board

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met and participants are protected.

IRB

Institutional Review Board, a committee that reviews and approves research involving human participants to ensure ethical standards.