______ Are Natural Changes That Occur to the Participants During

question 24

Multiple Choice

______ are natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias.

• A) History effects
• B) Testing effects
• C) Group differences
• D) Maturation

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Definitions:

Self-Serving Attributional Bias

The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal or personal factors while attributing failures to external or situational factors.

Projection

Assigning to others those traits that people fear they possess themselves.

Self-Handicapping

Placing obstacles in the way of one's own success to protect self-esteem from a possible future failure.

Self-Handicapping

A cognitive strategy where an individual sets up excuses or obstacles before a performance to have external factors to blame in case of failure.