Paul Is Usually Successful on the Math Problems His Teacher

question 5

Multiple Choice

Paul is usually successful on the math problems his teacher assigns at school, although he occasionally fails on one or two problems. In contrast, Peter's experiences with mathematics are almost always associated with frustration and failure. Considering contemporary views of the roles of contiguity and contingency in classical conditioning, who will acquire classically conditioned anxiety regarding mathematics?

• A) Both Paul and Peter will develop a considerable degree of mathematics anxiety.
• B) Only Paul will develop math anxiety, because the relationship between math and failure is unpredictable.
• C) Only Peter will develop math anxiety, because whenever math is presented, failure always follows.
• D) Neither Paul nor Peter will develop math anxiety, because neither situation reflects contingency of the CS and UCS.

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Definitions:

Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, characterized by developmental and physical growth delays and distinctive facial features.

Range of Reaction

A concept in genetics suggesting that an individual's genotype sets a range for potential phenotypic outcomes, influenced by the environment.

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

A pattern of genetic inheritance where dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles in heterozygous pairings.

Behavior Genetics

The study of the role genetic factors play in shaping behaviors, traits, and psychology.