Tolman Was Interested in Examining the Role of Expectations in Behavior

question 41

Multiple Choice

Tolman was interested in examining the role of expectations in behavior. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the method he used to study expectations?

• A) He never reinforced any given response in the same way twice.
• B) He reinforced a response the same way for several trials, then abruptly changed the type or amount of reinforcement.
• C) He asked subjects what they were expecting a particular response to accomplish.
• D) He gave his subjects a lengthy survey that included two or three questions concerning their expectations about the experiment.

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Definitions:

Verbal Messages

Communication or information conveyed through spoken words as opposed to non-verbal methods.

Communication Context

The environment or situation in which communication occurs, impacting its meaning and interpretation.

High-context

High-context refers to cultures or communication styles where much of the meaning in an interaction is derived from the context surrounding the communication, rather than the explicit words used.

Low-context

A communication style where messages are explicit, detailed, and direct, with little reliance on the context or non-verbal cues to convey meaning.