What Is the Essential Element of the "Conscious Parallelism" Defense

question 10

Multiple Choice

What is the essential element of the "conscious parallelism" defense under Section 1 of the Sherman Act?

• A) independent action by the parties, without an agreement between the parties
• B) knowledge by independent parties of their conduct
• C) other parties undertaking actions similar to those agreed-upon by the defendants
• D) a pattern of similar violations
• E) an injury that cannot be directly traced to the violation

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Definitions:

Retainer

An advance payment or fee paid to a professional, such as a lawyer, by a client for future services.

Disbursements

Out-of-pocket costs incurred by the lawyer on the client’s behalf.

Financial Loss

The decrease in monetary value or resources, often due to business operations, market conditions, or legal actions.

Lawyer's Misconduct

Unethical behavior or actions by a lawyer that violate professional codes of conduct or laws.