What Is the Essential Element of the "Conscious Parallelism" Defense

question 10

Multiple Choice

What is the essential element of the "conscious parallelism" defense under Section 1 of the Sherman Act?

• A) independent action by the parties, without an agreement between the parties
• B) knowledge by independent parties of their conduct
• C) other parties undertaking actions similar to those agreed-upon by the defendants
• D) a pattern of similar violations
• E) an injury that cannot be directly traced to the violation

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Definitions:

Eustress

Positive stress that accompanies achievement and exhilaration.

Employee Assistance Program

A work-based intervention program designed to identify and assist employees in resolving personal problems that may be adversely affecting their work performance.

Personal Problems

Issues or challenges in an individual's personal life, which can affect their mental health, relationships, or overall well-being.

CEO

Chief Executive Officer, the highest-ranking person in a company or other institution, ultimately responsible for making managerial decisions.