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The Privileges and Immunities Clauses require that the government give a person proper notice and hearing of legal action before that person is deprived of his or her life, liberty, or property.
Z-values
Standardized scores that indicate the number of standard deviations an element is from the mean of its distribution, used in statistical analysis.
Confidence Interval
A continuum of numerical values, deduced from sample analyses, presumed to encapsulate the value of an undefined population attribute.
Independent Samples
Two or more groups of data that are not related or influenced by the same variables, allowing for comparisons between the groups in statistical analysis.
Confidence Interval
A range of values derived from sample statistics that is likely to contain the value of an unknown population parameter with a specified probability.
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