Sodium Has 11 Electrons Arranged in Three Energy Levels

question 71

Multiple Choice

Sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels.In order to become stable,sodium forms an ion with:

• A)no charge.
• B)-1 charge.
• C)-8 charge.
• D)+1 charge.
• E)+8 charge.

Understand the basic principles of operant conditioning including reinforcement and punishment.

Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment.

Recognize the practical applications of behavior modification and operant conditioning.

Identify various reinforcement schedules and their effects on behavior.

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