What Effect Do Within-Subjects Designs Have on the Number of Research

question 8

Multiple Choice

What effect do within-subjects designs have on the number of research participants?

• A) It increases the number needed since the error variance increases.
• B) It increases the number needed because the F ratio tends to be larger.
• C) It reduces the number needed since each participant serves as her own control.
• D) It reduces the number needed since most studies of this type are concerned with populations that are small.

Understand the application of an ethics of care or peacemaking approach in solving ethical dilemmas.

Acknowledge the significance of mindfulness and social justice in the peacemaking criminology approach.

Learn about the various stages and models of moral development according to scholars like Kohlberg and Gilligan.

Understand the principles advocated by peacemaking criminologists for social control solutions.

---

Definitions:

Desert Environment

A biome characterized by very low precipitation, making it one of the harshest living environments for plants and animals.

Susceptible

Being likely to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing or condition.

Ancash Quechua

A language variant spoken in the Ancash region of Peru, part of the Quechuan language family.

High-altitude Areas

Regions situated at a high elevation above sea level, often characterized by thinner air and cooler climates.