What Effect Do Within-Subjects Designs Have on the Number of Research

question 8

Multiple Choice

What effect do within-subjects designs have on the number of research participants?

• A) It increases the number needed since the error variance increases.
• B) It increases the number needed because the F ratio tends to be larger.
• C) It reduces the number needed since each participant serves as her own control.
• D) It reduces the number needed since most studies of this type are concerned with populations that are small.

---

Definitions:

Apical

Pertaining to the apex or tip of a structure, such as the apical pulse found at the tip of the heart.

Pulse Rate

The number of heartbeats per minute, a vital sign used to assess the heart's rhythm and strength.

Bradycardia

A slower than normal heart rate, typically defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute in adults.

Beats/Minute

A unit of measure used to quantify heart rate, representing the number of heartbeats in one minute.