Why Are There No Spruces in the Early Seral Stages

question 31

Multiple Choice

Why are there no spruces in the early seral stages of succession at Glacier Bay?

• A) Spruce seeds are not likely to disperse to the pioneer and low-shrub stages.
• B) Spruce seedlings are inhibited by the presence of low shrubs.
• C) Spruce seedlings are not tolerant to the environmental fluctuations in the pioneer stage.
• D) There are few alder trees in the early seral stages to facilitate spruce establishment.

---

Definitions:

Direct Labor Hours

The total hours of labor directly involved in producing goods or services, often used as a basis for allocating overhead costs.

Indirect Labor

Labor costs not directly associated with the production of goods or services, such as administrative and support personnel.

Flexible Budget

A budget that adjusts or flexes with changes in volume or activity, allowing for more accurate budgeting and variance analysis.

Direct Labor Hours

Direct Labor Hours are the total hours worked by employees directly involved in the production of goods or services.