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In estimating a regression model with an instrumental variable typically one of two methods is used to estimate the mode. The two methods are:
Ability To Pay
The financial capacity of an individual or entity to meet financial obligations or commitments without incurring undue hardship.
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Taxes that are assessed or incurred but not yet paid, typically resulting from timing differences in recognizing revenue and expenses for tax and accounting purposes.
Taxable Income
The amount of income subject to taxes, calculated by adjusting gross income by various deductions, exemptions, and adjustments specified by tax laws.
Book Income
Book income is a company's financial income as reported in the financial statements, adhering to the rules of accounting, before any tax adjustments.
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