The Presence of a Confounding Factor Will Lead to Failure

question 11

Multiple Choice

The presence of a confounding factor will lead to failure of which of the critical assumptions used to justify claiming your estimates consistently estimate a causal effect?

• A) The determining function is linear in parameters.
• B) The sample is a random sample from the population.
• C) The errors will be homoscedastic.
• D) The model's error terms and the treatments will all be uncorrelated.

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Definitions:

Coercive Power

The ability to compel or force someone to act in a certain way by using threats, punishment, or negative consequences.

Sanction

Official approval or penalty for conduct, depending on context.

Legitimate Power

A form of authority derived from a person's position or role, granting them the right to influence or command.

Reframing

The process of changing the way situations, experiences, or ideas are viewed or interpreted, often to find more positive or empowering perspectives.