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Let Y1i be the output for factory i when it receives a new machine, and let Y0i be the output for factory i when it does not receive a new machine. Also let Yi be the realized output for factory i and let Di be a binary variable that equals one if factory i actually received a new machine. If the company's headquarters randomly assigns new machines to a subset of the company's factories, this ensures:
Negotiations
The process of discussing and aiming to reach a mutual agreement between parties with differing needs or viewpoints.
Railway Labor Act
A federal law in the United States that aims to avoid work stoppages and labor-management disputes in the railway and airline industries.
Substantive Law
Substantive law defines the rights and duties of people and substantive legal principles within civil, criminal, and administrative law, distinguishing from procedural law which outlines how rights are enforced.
Government
The governing body of a nation, state, or community, responsible for creating and enforcing laws and managing public services and resources.
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