Before 2001, the History of American International Relations from 1945

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U.S. Relationship with Israel as Cornerstone of Defense in Middle East: After World War II, when hundreds of thousands of European Jews sought refuge and the creation of a national homeland in Palestine, President Truman supported an Israeli state against the counsel of his advisors, and made Israel's defense the cornerstone of U.S. policy in the Middle East. His advisors warned that it was important to maintain Arab-American friendship in order to prevent Soviet influence in the Middle East and to protect American oil interests in the region. Since 1948, the United States has maintained its commitment to the defense of Israel by supporting it in conflicts such as the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Every president from Eisenhower forward tried to strike a delicate balance between its support for Israel and its support for Arab countries. Although there have been movements toward peace, such as the Camp David accords, anti-American sentiment has remained strong throughout many Arab nations. In part because of the displacement of populations in the Middle East, terrorism sponsored by non-state organizations such as Hezbollah, the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and Al Qaeda has emerged as a threat to international stability and security.
Cold War: Cold War concerns prompted American leaders to support unpopular dictatorships in the Middle East and South Asia because they helped American corporations and opposed the Soviet Union. In 1953, the CIA intervened to oust Mohammed Mossadegh, the left-leaning prime minister of Iran who nationalized oil fields and refineries, and restored the repressive Shah of Iran to power, creating anti-Western bitterness and resentment among Iranians that manifested in the Iran hostage crisis of 1979-80 and persisted into the twenty-first century. In 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Jimmy Carter proclaimed the Carter Doctrine, threatening to use any means necessary to prevent an outside force from gaining control of the Persian Gulf. The United States subsequently stepped up aid to the military dictatorship in Pakistan and provided secret aid to the Afghan rebels, destabilizing those countries in ways that have continued to create havoc internationally.
Persian Gulf War: Because of its bitter history with Iran, the United States aided Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in his war against Iran from 1980 to 1988. Beginning in 1990, Hussein sent troops into oil-rich Kuwait to the south and soon threatened the world's largest oil reserves in Saudi Arabia. The George H. W. Bush administration reacted quickly and ordered a massive mobilization of American troops and an international coalition to stand up to Iraq. When Hussein failed to withdraw from Kuwait by the Bush administration's deadline, Congress authorized war by a slim margin, and the United States launched Operation Desert Storm, which led to Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. But although Bush claimed victory, the situation in the Middle East was still unstable, and the heightened American presence in Saudi Arabia and other parts of the Muslim world enraged Muslim fundamentalists like Osama Bin Laden.
Globalization: The international expansion of American culture and enterprise, which accelerated during and after World War II, also played a role in creating the conditions that led to the September 11 attacks. Advances in technology made international travel and communication faster and easier and eased the spread of Western goods and culture into the Muslim world. But these advances also provided the tools that Al Qaeda used to coordinate its plans and carry out its activities.

Before 2001, the History of American International Relations from 1945

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