In Patients Without Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Is Most

question 30

Multiple Choice

In patients without diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is most commonly caused by:

• A) systemic infections.
• B) immune-mediated mechanisms.
• C) hormonal and endocrine mechanisms.
• D) dietary and lifestyle factors.

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Definitions:

Type I Pneumocytes

Thin cells that line the alveoli of the lungs and are involved in the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

Type II Pneumocytes

are specialized cells in the alveoli of the lungs, responsible for the production and secretion of pulmonary surfactant to decrease surface tension.

Expiration

The process of releasing breath or air from the lungs through the respiratory system.

Diaphragm

A large, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity that contracts and relaxes to aid in the breathing process by creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs.