The table below shows hypothetical indexes for the price levels for Canada and the United States and hypothetical nominal exchange rates between their currencies (the Canadian-dollar price of 1 U.S.dollar) . 
TABLE 34-2 Refer to Table 34-2.According to the theory of purchasing power parity (PPP) ,the Canadian-U.S.exchange rate in 2018 should have been ________,meaning that the actual Canadian dollar in that year was ________ relative to its PPP value.
Definitions:
Monocular Depth Cues
Depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone.
Retinal Disparity
The slight difference in images between the two eyes due to their different positions, enabling depth perception.
Depth Perception
Refers to the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to understand the distance of objects from oneself and each other.
Shape Continuity
A principle of perceptual organization that explains how humans tend to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity, forming a continuous shape.
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