Which of the Following CANNOT Explain Any Change Over Time

question 51

Multiple Choice

Which of the following CANNOT explain any change over time in most of the before-and-after designs?

• A)history
• B)maturation
• C)selection
• D)instrumentation

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Definitions:

Fear

An emotional response to perceived threats or danger, often triggering a fight or flight response.

James-Lange Theory

A theory of emotion that suggests emotions arise from physiological reactions to events, rather than causing those reactions.

Physiological Arousal

The body's response to a stimulus, involving increased activity in various systems, such as heart rate and adrenaline production.

Intense Anger

A powerful emotion characterized by strong feelings of dissatisfaction, frustration, or hostility.