Pine Communities Are Eventually Replaced by Oak-Hickory Communities After About

question 14

Multiple Choice

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

• A) mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
• B) juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
• C) juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes.
• D) juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines.
• E) mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils.

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Definitions:

Formal Communication

The exchange of information through officially designated channels and structures within an organization.

Written Rules

Explicitly documented guidelines or procedures that govern behavior and operations within an organization or society.

Mutual Adjustment

A process of coordination where individuals or groups modify their actions based on interactions with others, to achieve a common goal or maintain harmony.

Informal Means

Methods or processes that occur naturally or are created through casual interactions rather than through formal structures or procedures.