HLA Associations with Autoimmune Disorders Are Among the Very Strongest

question 29

Essay

HLA associations with autoimmune disorders are among the very strongest of associations between genetic variants and disease, but have rarely been mapped to the amino acid level. An exception is the HLA association with rheumatoid arthritis. What is known about this association, and how did detailed knowledge of how HLA proteins function help to identify the amino acids implicated in the association?

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Definitions:

Multiple-Step Statement

An income statement format that separates operating revenues and expenses from non-operating ones, calculating income at several levels.

Single-Step Statement

A simplified income statement that calculates net income by subtracting total expenses directly from total revenue with one step.

Gross Profit

is the financial gain obtained after subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from total revenue.