In Some Gene Families the Genes Are Clustered in Defined

question 16

Essay

In some gene families the genes are clustered in defined chromosomal regions as a result of ___1____ gene duplication. That often occurs as a result of misalignment of chromatids: over a limited chromosomal region, the DNA sequences are paired but out of register. Subsequent ___2_____ in the mispaired region can generate chromatids with two copies of a gene. Successive gene duplications results in a cluster of highly related genes. Not all the gene copies are functional: some acquire inactivating mutations to become a type of ____3_____ known as a _____4_____ ____3____. In other gene families there may be up to many hundreds of more members scattered across the genome. They often have large numbers of ____5____ ____3______ , also known as ____6_____ that arose by copying the RNA transcripts of a functional gene using a ____7____ _____8_____ to make cDNA copies that integrated into the genome at other locations but subsequently acquired deleterious mutations.

Comprehend the basics of market equilibrium and how demand and supply determine market prices.

Analyze the role of market competition in maximizing total benefits to buyers and sellers.

Understand how public policy can affect market efficiency and address market failures.

Recognize the importance of willingness to pay in determining consumer surplus.

---

Definitions:

Operating

Relating to the day-to-day business activities involved in running a company, such as selling, managing, and producing goods or services.

Peripheral Activities

Operations or tasks that are not central to the main business or objectives of an organization, but may still generate revenue or provide support.

Cash Dividend

A payment made by a company out of its earnings to shareholders in the form of cash.

Retained Earnings

The portion of net income left over after dividends have been distributed to shareholders, reinvested into the company.