What Is an Effective Way of Learning a Complicated Game

question 112

Multiple Choice

What is an effective way of learning a complicated game such as chess? One recent study (de Bruin et al., 2007) had people learn using one of three methods: watching people play the game (the Watching condition) , watching and making predictions regarding what moves each player would do (the Predicting condition) , or watching and making predictions regarding what moves each player would do and explaining the reason for their prediction (the Explaining condition) . Later, each person played a series of games of chess against a computer and the percentage of time each person made correct moves was recorded; the higher the percentage, the better the player's ability to play chess. The researchers hypothesized that players who had to explain their predictions would have a higher ability than people who simply made predictions, who in turn would have a higher ability than those who simply watched others.
You decide to conduct the analytical comparison of Watching vs. Predicting.
Which of the following is the appropriate critical value for this analytical comparison?

• A) 4.32
• B) 4.30
• C) 4.26
• D) 4.17

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Definitions:

Negative Experiences

Events or situations that lead to unpleasant emotions or outcomes.

Achievement Behavior

Actions aimed at accomplishing tasks and attaining goals, often motivated by personal standards of excellence.

Social Anxiety

A form of anxiety that affects people in social situations, where they may feel excessively self-conscious, judged, or fearful of being embarrassed.

Dispositional Optimism

A general expectation that good things will happen, reflecting a tendency to maintain a positive outlook.