Write the Formula of a Directional or Nondirectional Research Hypothesis

question 50

Essay

Write the formula of a directional or nondirectional research hypothesis for the following research problem: The Geography Department is interested in finding out if the average GPA of this year's graduating seniors is comparable to the average GPA of graduating seniors over the last 40 years.

Explain the rounding rule for sample size calculation in estimation problems.

Distinguish between the factors that are and are not relevant in determining sample size when sampling with replacement.

Apply formulas to calculate confidence intervals for population means.

Understand the concept of the error of estimation and its significance in statistical sampling.

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Definitions:

Successive Approximations

A method in behaviorism used to shape behavior by rewarding actions that are progressively closer to the desired behavior.

Shaping

A method of conditioning whereby successive approximations toward a desired behavior are reinforced, gradually leading to the acquisition of the target behavior.

Primary Reinforcers

Primary reinforcers refer to stimuli that satisfy basic survival needs and do not require learning to become pleasurable or desirable, such as food, water, and warmth.

Aversive Stimuli

Unpleasant or noxious stimuli used in behavioral conditioning to elicit a negative response, teaching the subject to avoid the stimuli.