Of the Following, ______ Are Not Considered a Source of Bias

question 25

Multiple Choice

Of the following, ______ are not considered a source of bias problematic in pretest-posttest designs.

• A) history effects
• B) testing effects
• C) group differences
• D) placebo effects

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Definitions:

Social Drinker

An individual who consumes alcoholic beverages in moderation and typically only in social settings or occasions.

Denial

A psychological defense mechanism wherein individuals refuse to accept reality or facts, often to avoid facing uncomfortable truths or emotions.

Interested Silence

The act of silently listening with keen interest, showing engagement and attentiveness without verbal interruption.

Therapeutic Responses

The reactions or outcomes following a particular treatment, indicating the effectiveness of the intervention.