Why Is the Concept of Reciprocal Altruism Fundamentally Paradoxical

question 8

Multiple Choice

Why is the concept of reciprocal altruism fundamentally paradoxical?

• A) Because altruistic behavior - true altruistic behavior - has been found by research to be nonexistent since there is no action without a desire for reward.
• B) Because the concept of expecting to be repaid for an altruistic action negates the altruistic characteristic of the action in the first place.
• C) Because it is not possible for altruistic behaviors to be bidirectional. They can only go from one person to another, and cannot be "repaid."
• D) Because the human animal is incapable of engaging in distinctly cooperative behavior; research suggests that egoism is the norm for all actions.

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