Determine Whether the Argument in the Problem Below Is Valid

question 153

Multiple Choice

Determine whether the argument in the problem below is valid or invalid. If valid, name the type of reasoning and if invalid, determine the error in reasoning. Assume that if a number is odd, then it is not even.
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If a³ is even, then a must be even.
A is odd.
Therefore, ​a³ is odd.
​

• A) invalid; false chain
• B) invalid; direct
• C) invalid; indirect
• D) valid; indirect
• E) valid; direct

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Definitions:

Cost Of Labor

The total amount of financial compensation and benefits paid to employees for their work, including wages, salaries, and benefits.

Isocost Line

An isocost line represents all combinations of inputs (like labor and capital) that cost the same amount for a firm, illustrating budget constraints in production.

Total Cost

A combination of constant and fluctuating expenses that a company endures in the process of producing goods or services.

Isoquant

A curve that shows all combinations of inputs that produce the same level of output, used in production theory to analyze optimal input combinations.