Tissues of Sharks Are Isotonic to Seawater, but Their Concentrations

question 34

Multiple Choice

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?

• A) To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater.
• B) Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion.
• C) Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.
• D) Sodium and chloride will diffuse through shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient.

Recognize the relationship between chi-squared tests and other statistical tests for nominal data.

Identify and name organic compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature.

Predict the major organic product(s) of given organic reactions.

Understand the mechanism of typical organic reactions.

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Definitions:

Classical Pathway

Part of the specific immune system for activation of complement.

C3

A protein component of the immune system's complement system, which enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

Foreign Antigens

Substances from outside the body that can induce an immune response.

Foreign Substances

Materials or particles that are not recognized as part of the body, often invoking an immune response.