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Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The shade avoidance response is a plant's way of changing its growth pattern when it is being shaded by another plant. Upon to shade, many plants will grow taller, flatten their leaf angle, and extend their leaves further from their stems in order to reac sunlight. Research performed by Pierik et al. Interactions between ethylene and gibberellins in phytochrome- mediated shade avoidance responses in tobacco. 2004. Plant Physiology 136:2928- 36; online at "http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/136/2/2928)" http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/136/2/2928) examined the role of ethylene and gibberellins on the shade avoidance response in tobacco plants. The shade avoidance response is known to involve phytochromes.
-Ethylene's role in the shade avoidance response in tobacco plants is related to its role in fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and senescence.

Describing the stages and functions of nonverbal cues in interpersonal relationships and quasi-courtship behavior.
Understand the concept of behavioral contrast and its implications in various contexts.
Recognize the role of perceptual learning and generalization in discrimination tasks.
Interpret the impact of brain structures on discrimination learning and behavior.

Definitions:

Vas Deferens

(vas deferens) (pl., vasa deferentia) One of the paired sperm ducts that connects the epididymis of the testis to the ejaculatory duct.

Bulbourethral Gland

A pair of small glands found in the male reproductive system that produce a clear, lubricating fluid forming part of the semen.

Alkaline Fluid

A liquid with a pH greater than 7, indicating that it is basic as opposed to acidic.

Cnidarians

A phylum of aquatic animals that includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras, characterized by their distinctive cnidocytes.

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