TABLE 11-5
A physician and president of a Tampa Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) are attempting to show the benefits of managed health care to an insurance company. The physician believes that certain types of doctors are more cost-effective than others. One theory is that Primary Specialty is an important factor in measuring the cost-effectiveness of physicians. To investigate this, the president obtained independent random samples of 20 HMO physicians from each of 4 primary specialties - General Practice (GP) , Internal Medicine (IM) , Pediatrics (PED) , and Family Physicians (FP) - and recorded the total charges per member per month for each. A second factor which the president believes influences total charges per member per month is whether the doctor is a foreign or USA medical school graduate. The president theorizes that foreign graduates will have higher mean charges than USA graduates. To investigate this, the president also collected data on 20 foreign medical school graduates in each of the 4 primary specialty types described above. So information on charges for 40 doctors (20 foreign and 20 USA medical school graduates) was obtained for each of the 4 specialties. The results for the ANOVA are summarized in the following table:
-Referring to Table 11-5, what degrees of freedom should be used to determine the critical value of the F ratio against which to test for interaction between the two factors?
Definitions:
Continuous Reinforcement
A method of learning where every correct response is reinforced every time, leading to faster acquisition of behavior but quicker extinction once reinforcement stops.
Partial Reinforcement
A conditioning schedule where only some responses are reinforced, leading to more resistant behaviors to extinction.
Delayed Reinforcer
A reward that does not immediately follow an action but is delayed for a certain time.
Primary Reinforcer
A stimulus that satisfies a basic biological need and is inherently rewarding.
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