To Infer a Causal Relationship, Which of the Following Types

question 54

Multiple Choice

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?

• A)Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome.
• B)Evidence that the action preceded the outcome.
• C)Evidence of a high level of internal validity.
• D)Evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome.
• E)All of these

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Definitions:

Partial Blockage

A partial blockage refers to an obstruction that partially impedes flow within a tube or passageway in the body, such as an artery or intestine.

Claudication

Pain or cramping in the lower leg due to inadequate blood flow to the muscles, typically induced by exercise and relieved with rest.

Lymph Flow

The movement of lymph fluid within the lymphatic system, crucial for immune function and removing waste from tissues.

Lymph

A clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system, carrying cells that help fight infection and disease.