To Infer a Causal Relationship, Which of the Following Types

question 54

Multiple Choice

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?

• A)Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome.
• B)Evidence that the action preceded the outcome.
• C)Evidence of a high level of internal validity.
• D)Evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome.
• E)All of these

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Definitions:

Skewed

Describes a distribution of data that is asymmetrical, where the bulk of the values lie on one side of the mean, either to the right (positive skew) or to the left (negative skew).

Frequency Distributions

An arrangement of data that outlines the number of times each unique value or range of values appears.

Normal Distributions

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution of data in which most of the data points cluster around a central peak and the probabilities for values further away from the mean taper off equally in both directions.

Mathematical Formulas

A concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical or chemical formula.