When Secondary Variance Is Allowed to Occur in Experimental Research

question 62

Multiple Choice

When secondary variance is allowed to occur in experimental research,

• A) the design is assumed to have internal validity
• B) the design is assumed to have external validity
• C) the design is assumed to be tightly controlled
• D) the design is assumed to be "flawed"

---

Definitions:

Squeals of Pleasure

High-pitched sounds of excitement or happiness, often made by young children or infants.

Emotional Regulation

The process by which individuals influence their emotions, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions.

Social Referencing

A process by which infants and young children look to their caregivers or others in their environment to gauge how they should react to a given situation, person, or object, especially in unfamiliar settings.

Self-conscious Emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness and reflection, such as embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, often developing in the context of social interactions.