When a Post-Facto Relationship Is Found Between Two Variables a and B

question 141

Multiple Choice

When a post-facto relationship is found between two variables A and B, it is always possible, though not certain, that

• A) A caused B
• B) B caused A
• C) a third variable, X, has caused A plus B
• D) all of these

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Definitions:

Expected

A term often used in statistics and probability, referring to the predicted outcome or value in an experiment or random event.

Observed

Observed, in statistics, refers to the actual data or values collected from experiments or studies, as opposed to expected or theoretical values.

Chi-square Value

A statistic used to measure the differences between observed and expected frequencies in categorical datasets, testing for independence or goodness of fit.

Observed

Refers to measured or witnessed information and data gathered through experimentation or research.