Specialization and Trade

question 45

Multiple Choice

Specialization and trade

• A)developed only where government and political institutions were stable.
• B)arose as humans changed from nomadic and self- sufficient food gatherers to settled food producers.
• C)*- exist only in capitalist economies.
• D)occur only in the private sector.
• E)developed only in the twentieth century.

Describe learned helplessness and its implications on behavior.

Understand the process of shaping behavior through successive approximations.

Identify the concept of generalization and its role in conditioned responses.

Understand the impacts of aversive stimuli and their use in conditioning.

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Definitions:

Treats

Small rewards or gifts given to someone or oneself, usually as a form of positive reinforcement or celebration.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses, offering predictable reinforcement patterns.

Variable Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement strategy in behaviorism where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, making it very powerful in maintaining behavior.

Variable Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, enhancing response consistency.